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Radio network deployment and coverage optimization are critical tonext-generation wireless networks. In this paper, the problem of optimallydeciding on whether to install additional small cells or to upgrade currentmacrocell base stations (BSs) with massive antenna arrays is studied. Thisintegrated deployment problem is cast as a general integer optimization modelby using the facility location framework. The capacity limits of both the radioaccess link and the backhaul link are considered. The problem is shown to be anextension of the modular capacitated location problem (MCLP) which is known tobe NP-hard. To solve the problem, a novel deployment algorithm that usesLagrangian relaxation and tabu local search is proposed. The developed tabusearch is shown to have a two-level structure and to be able to search thesolution space thoroughly. Simulation results show how the proposed, optimalapproach to upgrading an existing wireless network infrastructure can make useof a combination of both small cells and BSs with massive antennas. The resultsalso show that the proposed algorithm can find the optimal solution effectivelywhile having a computational time that is up to 30% lower than that ofconventional algorithms.

How to Upgrade Wireless Networks: Small Cells or Massive MIMO?