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Practical storage systems often adopt erasure codes to tolerate devicefailures and sector failures, both of which are prevalent in the field.However, traditional erasure codes employ device-level redundancy to protectagainst sector failures, and hence incur significant space overhead. Recentsector-disk (SD) codes are available only for limited configurations. By makinga relaxed but practical assumption, we construct a general family of erasurecodes called \emph{STAIR codes}, which efficiently and provably tolerate bothdevice and sector failures without any restriction on the size of a storagearray and the numbers of tolerable device failures and sector failures. Wepropose the \emph{upstairs encoding} and \emph{downstairs encoding} methods,which provide complementary performance advantages for differentconfigurations. We conduct extensive experiments on STAIR codes in terms ofspace saving, encoding/decoding speed, and update cost. We demonstrate thatSTAIR codes not only improve space efficiency over traditional erasure codes,but also provide better computational efficiency than SD codes based on ourspecial code construction. Finally, we present analytical models thatcharacterize the reliability of STAIR codes, and show that the support of awider range of configurations by STAIR codes is critical for tolerating sectorfailure bursts discovered in the field.

STAIR Codes: A General Family of Erasure Codes for Tolerating Device and Sector Failures