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Today's 'theory of mind' (ToM) concept is rooted in the distinction ofnineteenth century philosopher William Clifford between 'objects' that can bedirectly perceived, and 'ejects,' such as the mind of another person, which areinferred from one's subjective knowledge of one's own mind. A founder, withCharles Darwin, of the discipline of comparative psychology, George Romanesconsidered the minds of animals as ejects, an idea that could be generalized to'society as eject' and, ultimately, 'the world as an eject' - mind in theuniverse. Yet, Romanes and Clifford only vaguely connected mind with theabstraction we call 'information,' which needs 'a vehicle of symbols' - amaterial transporting medium. However, Samuel Butler was able to address, ininformational terms depleted of theological trappings, both organic evolutionand mind in the universe. This view harmonizes with insights arising frommodern DNA research, the relative immortality of 'selfish' genes, and somestartling recent developments in brain research.

'A Vehicle of Symbols and Nothing More.' George Romanes, Theory of Mind, Information, and Samuel Butler