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This paper focuses on the JPEG noises, which include the quantization noiseand the rounding noise, during a JPEG compression cycle. The JPEG noises in thefirst compression cycle have been well studied; however, so far less attentionhas been paid on the JPEG noises in higher compression cycles. In this work, wepresent a statistical analysis on JPEG noises beyond the first compressioncycle. To our knowledge, this is the first work on this topic. We find that thenoise distributions in higher compression cycles are different from those inthe first compression cycle, and they are dependent on the quantizationparameters used between two successive cycles. To demonstrate the benefits fromthe statistical analysis, we provide two applications that can employ thederived noise distributions to uncover JPEG compression history withstate-of-the-art performance.

JPEG Noises beyond the First Compression Cycle