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In our chapter we address the statistical analysis of percentiles: How shouldthe citation impact of institutions be compared? In educational andpsychological testing, percentiles are already used widely as a standard toevaluate an individual's test scores - intelligence tests for example - bycomparing them with the percentiles of a calibrated sample. Percentiles, orpercentile rank classes, are also a very suitable method for bibliometrics tonormalize citations of publications in terms of the subject category and thepublication year and, unlike the mean-based indicators (the relative citationrates), percentiles are scarcely affected by skewed distributions of citations.The percentile of a certain publication provides information about the citationimpact this publication has achieved in comparison to other similarpublications in the same subject category and publication year. Analyses ofpercentiles, however, have not always been presented in the most effective andmeaningful way. New APA guidelines (American Psychological Association, 2010)suggest a lesser emphasis on significance tests and a greater emphasis on thesubstantive and practical significance of findings. Drawing on work by Cumming(2012) we show how examinations of effect sizes (e.g. Cohen's d statistic) andconfidence intervals can lead to a clear understanding of citation impactdifferences.

The substantive and practical significance of citation impact  differences between institutions: Guidelines for the analysis of percentiles  using effect sizes and confidence intervals