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We present evidence that the allowed periods of equatorially trapped Rossbywave modes on the Sun coincide closely with the 88 day period and 176 day subharmonic period of Mercury and evidence of Rossby waves on the Sun at the sameperiods. To test the hypothesis that Rossby waves trigger the emergence ofsunspots we use band pass filtering to obtain the 88 day period and 176 dayperiod components of hemispherical sunspot area and compare the variations tothe tidal height variation on the surface of the Sun due to Mercury. We findthat the two components of hemispherical sunspot area occur in several episodesor activations of duration 2 to 6 years during each solar cycle. When theactivations are discrete the variation of the 88 day and 176 day periodcomponents are phase coherent with the tidal height variation and a 180 degreephase change is evident between successive activations. We use this result todemonstrate that Rieger type quasi-periodicities in sunspot activity are, inmost reported cases, periodicities associated with sidebands of the 88 day and176 day period variation. We find that, in variables that arise from activityin both solar hemispheres, phase coherence with the Mercury tidal effect occursat infrequent intervals but, when it does occur, it is possible to observephase coherence of variables such as sunspot number, solar flares, solar windspeed and cosmic ray flux with the Mercury tidal effect. Sensitivity of a rangeof variables to the tidal effect is calculated for such intervals in solarcycle 23.

Sensitivity of sunspot area to the tidal effect of planet Mercury during solar cycle 23