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A few experiments have already detected the presence of icosahedralsuperclusters in undercooled liquids, confirming a possible homogeneousnucleation of such entities as suggested by Franck. These superclusters survivein melts above the crystal melting temperature Tm because all their surfaceatoms have the same fusion heat as their core atoms and are melted byhomogeneous nucleation of liquid in their core, depending on overheating timeand temperature. In complete contrast to current ideas, a long time isnecessary to melt them and to attain the thermodynamic equilibrium above Tm.They act as heterogeneous growth nuclei of crystallized phase at a temperatureTc of the undercooled melt when they are not melted. They contribute to thereduction of the critical barrier, which becomes smaller than that of crystalscontaining the same atom number n. The undercooling rate is always limited,even in a liquid at thermodynamic equilibrium, because the homogeneousnucleation of 13-atom superclusters reduces the energy barrier, and increasesTc above the homogeneous nucleation temperature equal to Tm/3 in liquidelements. After weak superheating, the most stable superclusters containing n =13, 55, 147, 309 and 561 atoms survive or melt and determine Tc duringundercooling, which depends on n and on the sample volume. The experimentalnucleation temperatures Tc of 32 liquid elements and the melting temperaturesof superclusters are predicted without any adjustable parameter using a samplevolume varying by nearly 18 orders of magnitude. The classical Gibbs freeenergy change is used, adding an enthalpy saving related to the Laplacepressure change associated with supercluster formation, which is quantified andstrongly weakened for n = 13 and 55.

Crystallization of Supercooled Liquid Elements Induced by Superclusters Containing Magic Atom Numbers