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Understanding the affective, cognitive and behavioural processes involved inrisk taking is essential for treatment and for setting environmental conditionsto limit damage. Using Temporal Difference Reinforcement Learning (TDRL) wecomputationally investigated the effect of optimism in risk perception in avariety of goal-oriented tasks. Optimism in risk perception was studied byvarying the calculation of the Temporal Difference error, i.e., delta, in threeways: realistic (stochastically correct), optimistic (assuming action control),and overly optimistic (assuming outcome control). We show that for the gamblingtask individuals with 'healthy' perception of control, i.e., action optimism,do not develop gambling behaviour while individuals with 'unhealthy' perceptionof control, i.e., outcome optimism, do. We show that high intensity ofsensations and low levels of fear co-occur due to optimistic risk perception.We found that overly optimistic risk perception (outcome optimism) results inrisk taking and in persistent gambling behaviour in addition to high intensityof sensations. We discuss how our results replicate risk-taking relatedphenomena.

Optimistic Risk Perception in the Temporal Difference error Explains the Relation between Risk-taking, Gambling, Sensation-seeking and Low Fear