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It is shown that the Magnetotelluric (MT) impedance tensor admits ananti-symmetric generalized eigenvalue - eigenstate decomposition consistentwith the anti-symmetry of electric and magnetic fields referred to the samecoordinate frame: this is achieved by anti-diagonalization through rotation by2x2 complex operators of the SU(2) rotation group. The eigenstates comprisesimple proportional relationships between linearly polarized eigenvalues of theinput magnetic and output electric field along the locally resistive andconductive propagation path into the Earth, respectively mediated by themaximum and minimum characteristic values of the tensor (eigen-impedances). Itis shown from first principles that the eigen-impedances are expected to bepositive real (passive) functions, analytic in the entire lower-half complexfrequency plane and with singularities confined on the positive imaginaryfrequency axis. Insofar as the impedance tensor is generated by isometrictransformation of the eigen-impedances, it is also passive. The expectedpassivity is an effective means of appraising measured tensors for compliancewith the basic tenets of the MT method: it can be violated only in the presenceof sources in the Earth. In addition to extrinsic effects (e.g. noise), it isdemonstrated with examples, that such sources may be secondary large or smallscale inductive phenomena generated by realistic conductivity configurations.However, they may not be time-independent effects taking place in a passiveinduction context, such as steady-state current channelling, galvanicdistortion and electric field reversals. In general, to assert whetherviolation of passivity has occurred, it is necessary to decompose the impedancetensor, refer it to its intrinsic coordinate frame and evaluate the complianceof the eigen-impedances with their expected analytic properties

The Characteristic States of the Magnetotelluric Impedance Tensor:  Construction, Analytic Properties and Utility in the Analysis of General  Earth Conductivity Distributions