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The time domain inter-cell interference coordination techniques specified inLTE Rel. 10 standard improves the throughput of picocell-edge users byprotecting them from macrocell interference. On the other hand, it alsodegrades the aggregate capacity in macrocell because the macro base station(MBS) does not transmit data during certain subframes known as almost blanksubframes. The MBS data transmission using reduced power subframes wasstandardized in LTE Rel. 11, which can improve the capacity in macrocell whilenot causing high interference to the nearby picocells. In order to get maximumbenefit from the reduced power subframes, setting the key system parameters,such as the amount of power reduction, carries critical importance. Usingstochastic geometry, this paper lays down a theoretical foundation for theperformance evaluation of heterogeneous networks with reduced power subframesand range expansion bias. The analytic expressions for average capacity and 5thpercentile throughput are derived as a function of transmit powers, nodedensities, and interference coordination parameters in a heterogeneous networkscenario, and are validated through Monte Carlo simulations. Joint optimizationof range expansion bias, power reduction factor, scheduling thresholds, andduty cycle of reduced power subframes are performed to study the trade-offsbetween aggregate capacity of a cell and fairness among the users. To validateour analysis, we also compare the stochastic geometry based theoretical resultswith the real MBS deployment (in the city of London) and the hexagonal-gridmodel. Our analysis shows that with optimum parameter settings, the LTE Rel. 11with reduced power subframes can provide substantially better performance thanthe LTE Rel. 10 with almost blank subframes, in terms of both aggregatecapacity and fairness.

Capacity Analysis of LTE-Advanced HetNets with Reduced Power Subframes and Range Expansion