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Decisions in a group often result in imitation and aggregation, which areenhanced in panic, dangerous, stressful or negative situations. Currentexplanations of this enhancement are restricted to particular contexts, such asanti-predatory behavior, deflection of responsibility in humans, or cases inwhich the negative situation is associated with an increase in uncertainty. Butthis effect is observed across taxa and in very diverse conditions, suggestingthat it may arise from a more general cause, such as a fundamentalcharacteristic of social decision-making. Current decision-making theories donot explain it, but we noted that they concentrate on estimating which of theavailable options is the best one, implicitly neglecting the cases in whichseveral options can be good at the same time. We explore a more general modelof decision-making that instead estimates the probability that each option isgood, allowing several options to be good simultaneously. This model predictswith great generality the enhanced imitation in negative situations. Fish andhuman behavioral data showing an increased imitation behavior in negativecircumstances are well described by this type of decisions to choose a goodoption.

The Informative Herd: why humans and other animals imitate more when conditions are adverse