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Ecological selection forces for weedy and domesticated traits have influencedthe evolution of seed shape in Setaria resulting in similarity in seed shapethat reflects similarity in ecological function rather than reflectingphylogenetic relatedness. Seeds from two diploid subspecies of Setaria viridis,consisting of one weedy subspecies and two races of the domesticatedsubspecies, and four other polyploidy weedy species of Setaria. We quantifiedseed shape from the silhouettes of the seeds in two separate views. Differencesin shape were compared to ecological role (weed vs. crop) and the evolutionarytrajectory of shape change by phylogenetic grouping from a single referencespecies was calculated. Idealized three-dimensional models were created toexamine the differences in shape relative to surface area and volume. Allpopulations were significantly different in shape, with crops easilydistinguished from weeds, regardless of relatedness between the taxa.Trajectory of shape change varied by view, but separated crops from weeds andphylogenetic groupings. Three-dimensional models gave further evidence ofdifferences in shape reflecting adaptation for environmental exploitation. Theselective forces for weedy and domesticated traits have exceeded phylogeneticconstraints, resulting in seed shape similarity due to ecological role ratherthan phylogenetic relatedness. Seed shape and surface-to-volume ratio likelyreflect the importance of the water film that accumulates on the seed surfacewhen in contact with soil particles. Seed shape may also be a mechanism ofniche separation between taxa.

Weedy Adaptation in Setaria spp.: VI. S. faberi Seed hull shape as soil germination signal antenna