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Device-to-Device (D2D) communications is a technology that allows mobileusers to relay information to each other, without access to the cellularnetwork. In this paper, we consider how to dynamically select multi-hop routesfor D2D communications in spectrum co-existence with a fully loaded cellularnetwork. The modelling scenario is that of a real urban environment, when thecellular network is congested during an unexpected event, such as a terroristattack. We use D2D to relay data across the urban terrain, in the presence ofconventional cellular (CC) communications.  We consider different wireless routing algorithms, namely:shortest-path-routing (SPR), interference-aware-routing (IAR), andbroadcast-routing (BR). In general, there is a fundamental trade-off betweenD2D and CC outage performances, due to their mutual interference relationship.For different CC outage constraints and D2D end-to-end distances, the paperrecommends different D2D routing strategies. The paper also considers theeffects of varying user density and urban building material properties onoverall D2D relaying feasibility. Over a distance of a kilometre, it was foundthat the success probability of D2D communications can reach 91% for a moderateparticipating user density (400 per square km) and a low wall penetration loss(<10dB).

Emergency Route Selection for D2D Cellular Communications During an Urban Terrorist Attack