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In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the base station (BS) is a criticalsensor node whose failure causes severe data losses. Deploying multiple fixedBSs improves the robustness, yet requires all BSs to be installed with largebatteries and large energy-harvesting devices due to the high energyconsumption of BSs. In this paper, we propose a scheme to coordinate themultiple deployed BSs such that the energy supplies required by individual BSscan be substantially reduced. In this scheme, only one BS is selected to beactive at a time and the other BSs act as regular sensor nodes. We firstpresent the basic architecture of our system, including how we keep the networkrunning with only one active BS and how we manage the handover of the role ofthe active BS. Then, we propose an algorithm for adaptively selecting theactive BS under the spatial and temporal variations of energy resources. Thisalgorithm is simple to implement but is also asymptotically optimal under mildconditions. Finally, by running simulations and real experiments on an outdoortestbed, we verify that the proposed scheme is energy-efficient, has lowcommunication overhead and reacts rapidly to network changes.

The Beauty of the Commons: Optimal Load Sharing by Base Station Hopping in Wireless Sensor Networks