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Current research on Internet of Things (IoT) mainly focuses on how to enablegeneral objects to see, hear, and smell the physical world for themselves, andmake them connected to share the observations. In this paper, we argue thatonly connected is not enough, beyond that, general objects should have thecapability to learn, think, and understand both physical and social worlds bythemselves. This practical need impels us to develop a new paradigm, namedCognitive Internet of Things (CIoT), to empower the current IoT with a `brain'for high-level intelligence. Specifically, we first present a comprehensivedefinition for CIoT, primarily inspired by the effectiveness of humancognition. Then, we propose an operational framework of CIoT, which mainlycharacterizes the interactions among five fundamental cognitive tasks:perception-action cycle, massive data analytics, semantic derivation andknowledge discovery, intelligent decision-making, and on-demand serviceprovisioning. Furthermore, we provide a systematic tutorial on key enablingtechniques involved in the cognitive tasks. In addition, we also discuss thedesign of proper performance metrics on evaluating the enabling techniques.Last but not least, we present the research challenges and open issues ahead.Building on the present work and potentially fruitful future studies, CIoT hasthe capability to bridge the physical world (with objects, resources, etc.) andthe social world (with human demand, social behavior, etc.), and enhance smartresource allocation, automatic network operation, and intelligent serviceprovisioning.

Cognitive Internet of Things: A New Paradigm beyond Connection