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Influenza B viruses make a considerable contribution to morbidity attributedto seasonal influenza. Currently circulating influenza B isolates are known tobelong to two antigenically distinct lineages referred to as B/Victoria andB/Yamagata. Frequent exchange of genomic segments of these two lineages hasbeen noted in the past, but the observed patterns of reassortment have not beenformalized in detail. We investigate inter-lineage reassortments by comparingphylogenetic trees across genomic segments. Our analyses indicate that of the 8segments of influenza B viruses only PB1, PB2 and HA segments maintainedseparate Victoria and Yamagata lineages and that currently circulating strainspossess PB1, PB2 and HA segments derived entirely from one or the otherlineage; other segments have repeatedly reassorted between lineages therebyreducing genetic diversity. We argue that this difference between segments isdue to selection against reassortant viruses with mixed lineage PB1, PB2 and HAsegments. Given sufficient time and continued recruitment to thereassortment-isolated PB1-PB2-HA gene complex, we expect influenza B viruses toeventually undergo sympatric speciation.

Reassortment between influenza B lineages and the emergence of a co-adapted PB1-PB2-HA gene complex