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I think that the main reason why we do not understand the general principlesof how knowledge works (and probably also the reason why we have not yetdesigned and built efficient machines capable of artificial intelligence), isnot the excessive complexity of cognitive phenomena, but the lack of theconceptual and methodological tools to properly address the problem. It is liketrying to build up Physics without the concept of number, or to understand theorigin of species without including the mechanism of natural selection. In thispaper I propose some new conceptual and methodological tools, which seem tooffer a real opportunity to understand the logic of cognitive processes. Ipropose a new method to properly treat the concepts of structure and schema,and to perform on them operations of structural analysis. These operationsallow to move straightforwardly from concrete to more abstract representations.With these tools I will suggest a definition for the concept of rule, ofregularity and of emergent phenomena. From the analysis of some importantaspects of the rules, I suggest to distinguish them in operational andassociative rules. I propose that associative rules assume a dominant role incognition. I also propose a definition for the concept of problem. At the end Iwill briefly illustrate a possible general model for cognitive systems.

Proposta di nuovi strumenti per comprendere come funziona la cognizione (Novel tools to understand how cognition works)