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A range of a priori hypotheses about the evolution of modern and archaicgenomes are further evaluated and tested. In addition to the well-knownsplits/introgressions involving Neanderthal genes into out-of- Africa people,or Denisovan genes into Oceanians, a further series of archaic splits andhypotheses proposed in Waddell et al. (2011) are considered in detail. Theseinclude signals of Denisovans with something markedly more archaic and possiblysomething more archaic into Papuans as well. These are compared and contrastedwith some well-advertised introgressions such as Denisovan genes across EastAsia, archaic genes into San or non-tree mixing between Oceanians, East Asiansand Europeans. The general result is that these less appreciated and surprisingarchaic splits have just as much or more support in genome sequence data.Further, evaluation confirms the hypothesis that archaic genes are much rareron modern X chromosomes, and may even be near totally absent, suggesting strongselection against their introgression. Modeling of relative split weightsallows an inference of the proportion of the genome the Denisovan seems to havegotten from an older archaic, and the best estimate is around 2%. Using a mixof quantitative and qualitative morphological data and novel phylogeneticmethods, robust support is found for multiple distinct middle Pleistocenelineages. Of these, fossil hominids such as SH5, Petralona, and Dali, inparticular, look like prime candidates for contributing pre-Neanderthal/Modernarchaic genes to Denisovans, while the Jinniu-Shan fossil looks like the bestcandidate for a close relative of the Denisovan. That the Papuans might havereceived some truly archaic genes appears a good possibility and they mighteven be from Homo erectus.

Happy New Year Homo erectus? More evidence for interbreeding with archaics predating the modern human/Neanderthal split