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Virophages are viruses that rely on the replication machinery of otherviruses to reproduce within eukaryotic hosts. Two different modes ofcoinfection have been posited based on experimental observation. In one mode,the virophage and virus enter the host independently. In the other mode, thevirophage adheres to the virus so both virophage and virus enter the hosttogether. Here we ask: what are the ecological effects of these different modesof coinfection? In particular, what ecological effects are common to bothinfection modes, and what are the differences particular to each mode? Wedevelop a pair of biophysically motivated ODE models of viral-host populationdynamics, corresponding to dynamics arising from each mode of infection. Wefind both modes of coinfection allow for the coexistence of the virophage,virus, and host either at a stable fixed point or through cyclical dynamics. Inboth models, virophage tend to be the most abundant population and theirpresence always reduces the viral abundance and increases the host abundance.However, we do find qualitative differences between models. For example, viaextensive sampling of biologically relevant parameter space, we only observebistability when the virophage and virus enter the host together. We discusshow such differences may be leveraged to help identify modes of infection innatural environments from population level data.

The virus of my virus is my friend: ecological effects of virophage with alternative modes of coinfection