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Recent H5N1 influenza research has revived the debate on the storage andmanipulation of potentially harmful pathogens. In the last two decades, newhigh biosafety (BSL-4) laboratories entered into operation, raising strongconcerns from the public. The probability of an accidental release of apathogen from a BSL-4 laboratory is extremely low, but the corresponding risk-- defined as the probability of occurrence multiplied by its impact -- couldbe significant depending on the pathogen specificities and the populationpotentially affected. A list of BSL-4 laboratories throughout the world, withtheir location and date of first activity, was established from publiclyavailable sources. This database was used to estimate the total populationliving within a daily commuting distance of BSL-4 laboratories, and to quantifyhow this figure changed over time. We show that from 1990 to present, thepopulation living within the commuting belt of BSL-4 laboratories increased bya factor of 4 to reach up to 1.8% of the world population, owing to an increasein the number of facilities and their installation in cities. Europe iscurrently hosting the largest population living in the direct vicinity of BSL-4laboratories, while the recent building of new facilities in Asia suggests thatan important increase of the population living close to BSL-4 laboratories willbe observed in the next decades. We discuss the potential implications in termof global risk, and call for better pathogen-specific quantitative assessmentof the risk of outbreaks resulting from the accidental release of potentiallypandemic pathogens

The Nosoi commute: a spatial perspective on the rise of BSL-4 laboratories in cities