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The coupling of photons with (ultra-) relativistic atomic nuclei is presentedin two particular circumstances: very high electromagnetic fields and veryshort photon pulses. We consider a typical situation where the (bare) nuclei(fully stripped of electrons) are accelerated to energies ~1TeV per nucleon(according to the state of the art at LHC, for instance) and photon sourceslike petawatt lasers \simeq1eV -radiation (envisaged by ELI-NP project, forinstance), or free-electron laser ~10keV -radiation, or synchrotron sources,etc. In these circumstances the nuclear scale energy can be attained, with veryhigh field intensities. In particular, we analyse the nuclear transitionsinduced by the radiation, including both one- and two-photon processes, as wellas the polarization-driven transitions which may lead to giant dipoleresonances. The nuclear (electrical) polarization concept is introduced. It isshown that the perturbation theory for photo-nuclear reactions is applicable,although the field intensity is high, since the corresponding interactionenergy is low and the interaction time (pulse duration) is short. It is alsoshown that the description of the giant nuclear dipole resonance requires thedynamics of the nuclear electrical polarization degrees of freedom.

Coupling of (ultra-)relativistic atomic nuclei with photons