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This short paper reviews several recent key observations of the processesoccurring in the lower atmosphere (chromosphere and photosphere) during flares.These are: evidence for compact and fragmentary structure in the flarechromosphere, the conditions in optical flare footpoints, step-like variationsin the magnetic field during the flare impulsive phase, and hot, dense'chromospheric' footpoints. The implications of these observations formicrowaves are also discussed.

The Impulsive Phase in Solar Flares: Recent Multi-wavelength Results and their Implications for Microwave Modeling and Observations