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We give a broad conceptual review of what we have learned about black holesand their microstate structure from the study of microstate geometries andtheir string theory limits. We draw upon general relativity, supergravity,string theory and holographic field theory to extract universal ideas andstructural features that we expect to be important in resolving the informationproblem and understanding the microstate structure of Schwarzschild and Kerrblack holes. In particular, we emphasize two conceptually and physicallydistinct ideas, with different underlying energy scales: a) the transition thatsupports the microstate structure and prevents the formation of a horizon andb) the representation of the detailed microstate structure itself in terms offluctuations around the transitioned state. We also show that the supergravitymechanism that supports microstate geometries becomes, in the string theorylimit, either brane polarization or the excitation of non-Abelian degrees offreedom. We thus argue that if any mechanism for supporting structure at thehorizon scale is to be given substance within string theory then it must besome manifestation of microstate geometries.

Resolving the Structure of Black Holes: Philosophizing with a Hammer