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The goal of this paper is to study the impact of the dynamic nature of busvoltage magnitudes and phase angles, which constitute the state of the powersystem, on the phasor measurement unit (PMU) placement problem. To facilitatethis study, the placement problem is addressed from the perspective of theelectrical structure which, unlike existing work on PMU placement, accounts forthe sensitivity between power injections and nodal phase angle differencesbetween various buses in the power network. A linear dynamic model captures thetime evolution of system states, and a simple procedure is devised to estimatethe state transition function at each time instant. The placement problem isformulated as a series (time steps) of binary integer programs, with the goalto obtain the minimum number of PMUs at each time step for complete networkobservability in the absence of zero injection measurements. Experiments areconducted on several standard IEEE test bus systems. The main thesis of thisstudy is that, owing to the dynamic nature of the system states, for optimalpower system operation the best one could do is to install a PMU on each bus ofthe given network, though it is undesirable from an economic standpoint.

Impact of system state dynamics on PMU placement in the electric power grid