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We examined the source regions and coronal environment of the historicalground level enhancement (GLE) events in search of evidence for non-radialmotion of the associated coronal mass ejection (CME). For the 13 GLE eventsthat had source latitudes >30 degrees we found evidence for possible non-radialCME motion due to deflection by large-scale magnetic structures in nearbycoronal holes, streamers, or pseudo streamers. Polar coronal holes are the mainsource of deflection in the rise and declining phases of solar cycles. In themaximum phase, deflection by large-scale streamers or pseudo streamersoverlying high-latitude filaments seems to be important. The B0 angle reducedthe ecliptic distance of some GLE source regions and increased in others withthe net result that the average latitude of GLE events did not changesignificantly. The non-radial CME motion is the dominant factor that reducesthe ecliptic distance of GLE source regions, thereby improving the latitudinalconnectivity to Earth. We further infer that the GLE particles must beaccelerated at the nose part of the CME-driven shocks, where the shock islikely to be quasi-parallel.

Latitudinal Connectivity of Ground Level Enhancement Events