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The Internet provides physical path diversity between a large number ofhosts, making it possible for networks to use alternative paths when one pathfails to deliver the required Quality of Service. However, for various reasons,many established protocols (e.g. de facto Internet inter-domain routingprotocol, Border-Gateway Protocol - BGP) do not fully exploit such alternatepaths. This paper surveys research into techniques for discovering end-to-endalternate paths, including those based on monitoring path performance, choosingpaths that are maximally disjoint, and in routing across multiple paths. Itsurveys proposals for making BGP better able to exploit multiple paths and howmulti-homing can create alternate paths. It also describes how alternate pathscan be realized through detour routing (application layer mechanisms) androuting deflections (network layer mechanisms). It also discusses Fast Re-Routetechniques for construction of backup routes. It concludes by surveying openresearch issues into the discovery and use of alternate paths in the Internet.

Finding Alternate Paths in the Internet:A Survey of Techniques for End-to-End Path Discovery