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In this work, the spallation processes in the ductile metals aresystematically discussed in theory. By employing the phase transition theoryand non-equilibrium transport theory, the spallation processes of ductilemetals under dynamic loading may be mainly determined by the diffusion andagglomeration of generated vacancies. And through the theoretical analysis onthe dynamic spallation processes, it is found that (1)the spallation criticalbehaviors exist; (2)both the damage evolution rate and the void growth velocityin the spallation planes are monitored by the grain sizes, the tensile strainrate and the temperature of the metal after shocking, i.e., a larger grain sizeand tensile strain rate and higher temperature will cause a larger damageevolution rate and void growth velocity; (3)there exists the characteristicsize for the voids and the characteristic stress on the void boundary, whichare dependent of vacancy excitation energy and the average volume occupied bythe metal atom; (4)both the stress and temperature close to the void are highand may cause the melting, and they decrease quickly as the distance away fromthe void increases; (5)the plastic zone surrounding the formed voids isobtained and found to be governed by the characteristic stress; (6)the voidgrowth in the spallation processes may arise from the agglomeration ofvacancies rather than the emitting of dislocations. Most of the theoreticalresults are novel and obtained first. And they are found to be in agreementwith the experimental results and the simulated results.

Spallation caused by the diffusion and agglomeration of vacancies in ductile metals