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With resurgent interest in individual differences in perception, cognitionand behavioural control, as early indicators of disease, endophenotypes, or ameans to relate brain structure to function, behavioural tasks are increasinglybeing transferred from within-subject settings to between-group orcorrelational designs. The assumption is that where we know the mechanismsunderlying within-subject effects, these effects can be used to measureindividual differences in those same mechanisms. However, between-subjectvariability can arise from an entirely different source from that drivingwithin-subject effects, and here we report a clear-cut demonstration of this.We examined the debated relationship between the visibility of a masked-primestimulus and the direction of priming it causes (positive or reversed). Suchreversal of priming has been hypothesized to reflect an automatic inhibitorymechanism that controls partially activated responses and allows behaviouralflexibility. Within subjects, we found an unambiguous systematic transitionfrom reversed priming to positive priming as prime visibility increased,replicated seven times, and using different stimulus manipulations. However,across individuals there was never a relationship between prime discriminationability and priming. Specifically, these data resolve the controversial debateon visibility and reversed priming, indicating that they arise from independentprocesses relying on partially shared stimulus signals. More generally, theystand as an exemplar case in which variance between individuals arises from adifferent source from that produced by stimulus manipulations.

Visibility predicts priming within but not between people: a cautionary tale for studies of cognitive individual differences