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We propose a scientific program to complete a census of planets,characterizing their masses, orbital properties, and dynamical histories usingcontinued observations of the Kepler field of view with the Kepler spacecraftin a two reaction wheel mission. Even with a significantly reduced photometricprecision, extending time-domain observations of this field is uniquely capableof pursuing several critical science goals: 1) measuring the architectures ofplanetary systems by identifying non-transiting planets interleaved among knowntransiting planets, 2) establishing the mass-radius relationship for planets inthe important transition region between small, gas-rich sub-Neptune planets andlarge, rocky super-Earths, and 3) uncovering dynamical evidence of theformation and evolution of the inner regions of planetary systems. To meetthese objectives, the unique multi-object observing capabilities of Kepler willbe used in a set of concurrent campaigns with specific motivations. Thesecampaigns focus largely on the ability to interpret Transit Timing Variations(TTVs) that result from dynamical interactions among planets in a system andinclude: 1) observations of systems that exhibit large TTVs and areparticularly rich in dynamical information, 2) observations of systems whereadditional transit times will yield mass measurements of the constituentplanets, 3) observations of systems where the TTV signal evolves over very longtimescales, and 4) observations of systems with long-period planet candidateswhere additional transits will remove orbital period ambiguities caused by gapsin the original Kepler data.

A Habitable Zone Census via Transit Timing and the Imperative for Continuing to Observe the Kepler Field