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Due to the increasing use of nanometric cerium oxide in applications,concerns about the toxicity of these particles have been raised and haveresulted in a large number of investigations. We report here on theinteractions between 7 nm anionically charged cerium oxide particles and livingmammalian cells. By a modification of the particle coating includinglow-molecular weight ligands and polymers, two generic behaviors are compared:particles coated with citrate ions that precipitate in biofluids and particlescoated with poly(acrylic acid) that are stable and remain nanometric. We findthat nanoceria covered with both coating agents are taken up by mousefibroblasts and localized into membrane-bound compartments. However, flowcytometry and electron microscopy reveal that as a result of theirprecipitation, citrate-coated particles interact more strongly with cells. Atcerium concentration above 1 mM, only citrate-coated nanoceria (and notparticles coated with poly(acrylic acid)) display toxicity and moderategenotoxicity. The results demonstrate that the control of the surface chemistryof the particles and its ability to prevent aggregation can affect the toxicityof nanomaterials.

In vitro toxicity of nanoceria: effect of coating and stability in biofluids