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Many academics have called for increasing attention to theory in softwareengineering. Consequently, this paper empirically evaluates two dissimilarsoftware development process theories - one expressing a more traditional,methodical view (FBS) and one expressing an alternative, more improvisationalview (SCI). A primarily quantitative survey of more than 1300 softwaredevelopers is combined with four qualitative case studies to achieve asimultaneously broad and deep empirical evaluation. Case data analysis using aclosed-ended, a priori coding scheme based on the two theories stronglysupports SCI, as does analysis of questionnaire response distributions(p<0.001; chi-square goodness of fit test). Furthermore, case-questionnairetriangulation found no evidence that support for SCI varied by participants'gender, education, experience, nationality or the size or nature of theirprojects. This suggests that instead of iteration between weakly-coupled phases(analysis, design, coding, testing), it is more accurate and useful toconceptualize development as ad hoc oscillation between organizing perceptionsof the project context (Sensemaking), simultaneously improving mental picturesof the context and design artifact (Coevolution) and constructing, debuggingand deploying software artifacts (Implementation).

Software Engineering Process Theory: A Multi-Method Comparison of  Sensemaking-CoevoIution-Implementation Theory and Function-Behavior-Structure  Theory