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The use of tapered optical fibers, i.e., optical nanofibers, for spectroscopyand the detection of small numbers of particles, such as neutral atoms ormolecules, has been gaining ground in recent years. In this review, we brieflyintroduce the optical nanofiber, its fabrication and optical mode propagationwithin. We discuss recent progress on the integration of optical nanofibersinto laser-cooled atom and vapor systems, paying particular attention tospectroscopy, cold atom cloud characterization and optical trapping schemes.Next, a natural extension on this work to molecules will be introduced.Finally, we consider several alternatives to optical nanofibers that displaysome advantages for particular applications.

Spectroscopy, Manipulation and Trapping of Neutral Atoms, Molecules, and Other Particles using Optical Nanofibers: A Review