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Device-to-device (D2D) communication integrated into cellular networks is ameans to take advantage of the proximity of devices and allow for reusingcellular resources and thereby to increase the user bitrates and the systemcapacity. However, when D2D (in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project alsocalled Long Term Evolution (LTE) Direct) communication in cellular spectrum issupported, there is a need to revisit and modify the existing radio resourcemanagement (RRM) and power control (PC) techniques to realize the potential ofthe proximity and reuse gains and to limit the interference at the cellularlayer. In this paper, we examine the performance of the flexible LTE PC toolbox and benchmark it against a utility optimal iterative scheme. We find thatthe open loop PC scheme of LTE performs well for cellular users both in termsof the used transmit power levels and the achievedsignal-to-interference-and-noise-ratio (SINR) distribution. However, theperformance of the D2D users as well as the overall system throughput can beboosted by the utility optimal scheme, because the utility maximizing schemetakes better advantage of both the proximity and the reuse gains. Therefore, inthis paper we propose a hybrid PC scheme, in which cellular users employ theopen loop path compensation method of LTE, while D2D users use the utilityoptimizing distributed PC scheme. In order to protect the cellular layer, thehybrid scheme allows for limiting the interference caused by the D2D layer atthe cost of having a small impact on the performance of the D2D layer. Toensure feasibility, we limit the number of iterations to a practically feasiblelevel. We make the point that the hybrid scheme is not only near optimal, butit also allows for a distributed implementation for the D2D users, whilepreserving the LTE PC scheme for the cellular users.

Benchmarking Practical RRM Algorithms for D2D Communications in LTE Advanced