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Temperature affects both the timing and outcome of animal development, butthe detailed effects of temperature on the progress of early development havebeen poorly characterized. To determine the impact of temperature on the orderand timing of events during Drosophila melanogaster embryogenesis, we usedtime-lapse imaging to track the progress of embryos from shortly after egglaying through hatching at seven precisely maintained temperatures between17.5C and 32.5C. We employed a combination of automated and manual annotationto determine when 36 milestones occurred in each embryo. D. melanogasterembryogenesis takes ~33 hours at 17.5C, and accelerates with increasingtemperature to 16 hours at 27.5C, above which embryogenesis slows slightly.Remarkably, while the total time of embryogenesis varies over two fold, therelative timing of events from cellularization through hatching is constantacross temperatures. To further explore the relationship between temperatureand embryogenesis, we expanded our analysis to cover ten additional Drosophilaspecies of varying climatic origins. Six of these species, like D.melanogaster, are of tropical origin, and embryogenesis time at differenttemperatures was similar for them all. D. mojavensis, a sub-tropical fly,develops slower than the tropical species at lower temperatures, while D.virilis, a temperate fly, exhibits slower development at all temperatures. Thealpine sister species D. persimilis and D. pseudoobscura develop as rapidly astropical flies at cooler temperatures, but exhibit diminished accelerationabove 22.5C and have drastically slowed development by 30C. Despite rangingfrom 13 hours for D. erecta at 30C to 46 hours for D. virilis at 17.5C, therelative timing of events from cellularization through hatching is constantacross all species and temperatures, suggesting the existence of a timercontrolling embryogenesis.

Drosophila embryogenesis scales uniformly across temperature in developmentally diverse species