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SARS-CoV is believed to originate from civets and was thought to have beeneliminated as a threat after the 2003 outbreak. Here, we show that humanSARS-CoV (huSARS-CoV) originated directly from bats, rather than civets, by across-species jump in 1991, and formed a human-adapted strain in 1998. Sincethen huSARS-CoV has evolved further into highly virulent strains with genotypeT and a 29-nt deletion mutation, and weakly virulent strains with genotype Cbut without the 29-nt deletion. The former can cause pneumonia in humans andcould be the major causative pathogen of the SARS outbreak, whereas the lattermight not cause pneumonia in humans, but evolved the ability to co-utilizecivet ACE2 as an entry receptor, leading to interspecies transmission betweenhumans and civets. Three crucial time points - 1991, for the cross-species jumpfrom bats to humans; 1998, for the formation of the human-adapted SARS-CoV; and2003, when there was an outbreak of SARS in humans - were found to associatewith anomalously low annual precipitation and high temperatures in Guangdong.Anti-SARS-CoV sero-positivity was detected in 20% of all the samples testedfrom Guangzhou children who were born after 2005, suggesting that weaklyvirulent huSARS-CoVs might still exist in humans. These existing but undetectedSARS-CoVs have a large potential to evolve into highly virulent strains whenfavorable climate conditions occur, highlighting a potential risk for thereemergence of SARS.

SARS-CoV originated from bats in 1998 and may still exist in humans