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Our view of the microbial world and its impact on human health is changingradically with the ability to sequence uncultured or unculturable microbessampled directly from their habitats, ability made possible by fast and cheapnext generation sequencing technologies. Such recent developments represents aparadigmatic shift in the analysis of habitat biodiversity, be it the human,soil or ocean microbiome. We review here some research examples and resultsthat indicate the importance of the microbiome in our lives and then discussome of the challenges faced by metagenomic experiments and the subsequentanalysis of the generated data. We then analyze the economic and social impacton genomic-medicine and research in both developing and developed countries. Wesupport the idea that there are significant benefits in building capacities fordeveloping high-level scientific research in metagenomics in developingcountries. Indeed, the notion that developing countries should wait fordeveloped countries to make advances in science and technology that they laterimport at great cost has recently been challenged.

The new science of metagenomics and the challenges of its use in both developed and developing countries