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The essential distinction between the fundamental diagram approach andthree-phase theory is the existence of the unique space-gap-speed relationship.In order to verify this relationship, empirical data are analyzed with thefollowing findings: (1) linear relationship between the actual space gap andspeed can be identified when the speed difference between vehicles approximateszero; (2) vehicles accelerate or decelerate around the desired space gap mostof the time. To explain these phenomena, we propose that, in homogeneouscongested traffic flow, the space gap between two vehicles will oscillatearound the desired space gap in the noiseless limit. This assumption isformulated in terms of a cellular automaton. Simulations under periodic andopen boundary conditions reproduce the empirical findings of three-phasetheory. Finally, the model is calibrated and validated. All verificationresults are acceptable and better than that of previous studies.

Microscopic driving theory with non-hypothetical congested steady state: Model and Empirical verification