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During the 1920s and 1930s, Italian physicists established strongrelationships with scientists from other European countries and the UnitedStates. The career of Bruno Rossi, a leading personality in the study of cosmicrays and an Italian pioneer of this field of research, provides a prominentexample of this kind of international cooperation. Physics underwent majorchanges during these turbulent years, and the traditional internationalism ofphysics assumed a more institutionalised character. Against this backdrop,Rossi's early work was crucial in transforming the study of cosmic rays into abranch of modern physics. His friendly relationships with eminent scientists-notably Enrico Fermi, Walther Bothe, Werner Heisenberg, Hans Bethe, and HomiBhabha- were instrumental both for the exchange of knowledge about experimentalpractises and theoretical discussions, and for attracting the attention ofphysicists such as Arthur Compton, Louis Leprince-Ringuet, Pierre Auger andPatrick Blackett to the problem of cosmic rays. Relying on material fromdifferent archives in Europe and United States, this case study aims to providea glimpse of the intersection between national and international dimensionsduring the 1930s, at a time when the study of cosmic rays was still very muchin its infancy, strongly interlaced with nuclear physics, and full ofuncertain, contradictory, and puzzling results. Nevertheless, as a source ofhigh-energy particles it became a proving ground for testing the validity ofthe laws of quantum electrodynamics, and made a fundamental contribution to theorigins of particle physics.

International scientific cooperation during the 1930s. Bruno Rossi and the development of the status of cosmic rays into a branch of physics