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The presence of gaseous giant planets whose orbits lie in extreme proximityto their host stars ("hot Jupiters"), can largely be accounted for by planetarymigration, associated with viscous evolution of proto-planetary nebulae.Recently, observations of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect during planetarytransits have revealed that a considerable fraction of detected hot Jupitersreside on orbits that are misaligned with respect to the spin-axes of theirhost stars. This observational fact has cast significant doubts on theimportance of disk-driven migration as a mechanism for production of hotJupiters, thereby reestablishing the origins of close-in planetary orbits as anopen question. Here we show that misaligned orbits can be a natural consequenceof disk migration. Our argument rests on an enhanced abundance of binarystellar companions in star formation environments, whose orbital plane isuncorrelated with the spin axes of the individual stars. We analyze thedynamical evolution of idealized proto-planetary disks under perturbations frommassive distant bodies and demonstrate that the resulting gravitational torquesact to misalign the orbital planes of the disks relative to the spin poles oftheir host stars. As a result, we predict that in the absence of strongdisk-host star angular momentum coupling or sufficient dissipation that acts torealign the stellar spin axis and the planetary orbits, the fraction ofplanetary systems (including systems of hot Neptunes and Super-Earths), whoseangular momentum vectors are misaligned with respect to their host-stars shouldbe commensurate with the rate of primordial stellar multiplicity.

A Primordial Origin for Misalignments Between Stellar Spin Axes and Planetary Orbits