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Anthropic reasoning is a critical tool to understand probabilities,especially in a large universe or multiverse. According to anthropic reasoning,we should consider ourselves typical among members of a reference class thatmust include all subjectively indistinguishable observers. We discuss herewhether such a reference class, which we assume must include computersimulations, must also include computers that replay previous simulations,magnetic tapes that store but do not "run" the simulation, and even abstractmathematical functions. We do not see any clear criterion for excluding theseanomalous observers, but their presence is deeply troubling to the idea ofanthropic reasoning.

Anomalous Observers in the Subjectively Identical Reference Class