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We consider multi-input multi-output (MIMO) communications over multi-modefibers (MMFs). Current MMF standards, such as OM3 and OM4, use fibers with coreradii of 50 \mu m, allowing hundreds of modes to propagate. Unfortunately, dueto physical and computational complexity limitations, we cannot couple anddetect hundreds of data streams into and out of the fiber. In order tocircumvent this issue, we present input-output coupling schemes that allow theuser to couple and extract a reasonable number of signals from a fiber withmany modes. This approach is particularly attractive as it is scalable; i.e.,the fibers do not have to be replaced every time the number of transmitters orreceivers is increased, a phenomenon that is likely to happen in the nearfuture.  We present a statistical channel model that incorporates intermodaldispersion, chromatic dispersion, mode dependent losses, mode coupling, andinput-output coupling. We show that the statistics of the fiber's frequencyresponse are independent of frequency. This simplifies the computation of theaverage Shannon capacity of the fiber. We also provide an input-output couplingstrategy that leads to an increase in the overall capacity. This strategy canbe used whenever channel state information (CSI) is available at thetransmitter. We show that the capacity of an Nt by Nt MIMO system over a fiberwith M>>Nt modes can approach the capacity of an Nt-mode fiber with nomode-dependent losses. We finally present a statistical input-output couplingmodel in order to quantify the loss in capacity when CSI is not available atthe transmitter. It turns out that the loss, relative to Nt-mode fibers, isminimal (less than 0.5 dB) for a wide range of signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs)and a reasonable range of MDLs.

MIMO Communications over Multi-Mode Optical Fibers: Capacity Analysis and Input-Output Coupling Schemes