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In the first part of the paper, we introduce the concept of observablequantities associated with a macroinstrument measuring the density andtemperature and with a microinstrument determining the radius of a molecule andits free path length, and also the relationship between these observablequantities. The concept of the number of degrees of freedom, which relates theobservable quantities listed above, is generalized to the case of lowtemperatures. An analogy between the creation and annihilation operators forpairs (dimers) and the creation and annihilation operators for particles(molecules) is carried out. A generalization of the concept of a Bosecondensate is introduced for classical molecules as an analog of an idealliquid (without attraction). The negative pressure in the liquid is treated asholes (of exciton type) in the density of the Bose condensate. The phasetransition gas-liquid is calculated for an ideal gas (without attraction). Acomparison with experimental data is carried out.  In the other part of the paper, we introduce the concept of new observablequantity, namely, of a pair (a dimer), as a result of attraction between thenearest neighbors. We treat in a new way the concepts of Boyle temperature$T_B$ (as the temperature above which the dimers disappear) and of the criticaltemperature $T_c$ (below which the trimers and clusters are formed). Theequation for the Zeno line is interpreted as the relation describing thedependence of the temperature on the density at which the dimers disappear. Wecalculate the maximal density of the liquid and also the maximal density of theholes. The law of corresponding states is derived as a result of an observationby a macrodevice which cannot distinguish between molecules of distinct gases,theoretical and experimental data are compared, observations in three scales,macro, micro, and nano, are studied.

Thermodynamics as a multistep relaxation process and the role of observables in different scales of quantities