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Fitness landscapes are central in analyzing evolution, in particular for drugresistance mutations for bacteria and virus. We show that the fitnesslandscapes associated with antibiotic resistance are not compatible with any ofthe classical models; additive, uncorrelated and block fitness landscapes. TheNK model is also discussed. It is frequently stated that virtually nothing isknown about fitness landscapes in nature. We demonstrate that available recordsof antimicrobial drug mutations can reveal interesting properties of fitnesslandscapes in general. We apply the methods to analyze the TEM family of$\beta$-lactamases associated with antibiotic resistance. Laboratory resultsagree with our observations. The qualitative tools we suggest are well suitedfor comparisons of empirical fitness landscapes. Fitness landscapes are centralin the theory of recombination and there is a potential for finding relationsbetween the tools and recombination strategies.

Antibiotic resistance landscapes: a quantification of theory-data incompatibility for fitness landscapes