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We present recent work on using astronomical observations of neutron stars toreveal unique insights into nuclear matter that cannot be obtained fromlaboratories on Earth. First, we discuss our measurement of the rapid coolingof the youngest neutron star in the Galaxy; this provides the first directevidence for superfluidity and superconductivity in the supra-nuclear core ofneutron stars. We show that observations of thermonuclear X-ray bursts onneutron stars can be used to constrain properties of neutron superfluidity andneutrino emission. We describe the implications of rapid neutron star rotationrates on aspects of nuclear and superfluid physics. Finally, we show thatentrainment coupling between the neutron superfluid and the nuclear latticeleads to a less mobile crust superfluid; this result puts into question theconventional picture of pulsar glitches as being solely due to the crustsuperfluid and suggests that the core superfluid also participates.

The hottest superfluid and superconductor in the Universe: Discovery and nuclear physics implications