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Cybersecurity attacks are a major and increasing burden to economic andsocial systems globally. Here we analyze the principles of security indifferent domains and demonstrate an architectural flaw in currentcybersecurity. Cybersecurity is inherently weak because it is missing theability to defend the overall system instead of individual computers. Thecurrent architecture enables all nodes in the computer network to communicatetransparently with one another, so security would require protecting everycomputer in the network from all possible attacks. In contrast, other systemsdepend on system-wide protections. In providing conventional security, policepatrol neighborhoods and the military secures borders, rather than defendingeach individual household. Likewise, in biology, the immune system providessecurity against viruses and bacteria using primarily action at the skin,membranes, and blood, rather than requiring each cell to defend itself. Wepropose applying these same principles to address the cybersecurity challenge.This will require: (a) Enabling pervasive distribution of self-propagatingsecurityware and creating a developer community for such securityware, and (b)Modifying the protocols of internet routers to accommodate adaptive securitysoftware that would regulate internet traffic. The analysis of the immunesystem architecture provides many other principles that should be applied tocybersecurity. Among these principles is a careful interplay of detection andaction that includes evolutionary improvement. However, achieving significantsecurity gains by applying these principles depends strongly on remedying theunderlying architectural limitations.

Principles of Security: Human, Cyber, and Biological