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Flow watermarks efficiently link packet flows in a network in order to thwartvarious attacks such as stepping stones. We study the problem of designing goodflow watermarks. Earlier flow watermarking schemes mostly consideredsubstitution errors, neglecting the effects of packet insertions and deletionsthat commonly happen within a network. More recent schemes consider packetdeletions but often at the expense of the watermark visibility. We present aninvisible flow watermarking scheme capable of enduring a large number of packetlosses and insertions. To maintain invisibility, our scheme uses quantizationindex modulation (QIM) to embed the watermark into inter-packet delays, asopposed to time intervals including many packets. As the watermark is injectedwithin individual packets, packet losses and insertions may lead to watermarkdesynchronization and substitution errors. To address this issue, we add alayer of error-correction coding to our scheme. Experimental results on bothsynthetic and real network traces demonstrate that our scheme is robust tonetwork jitter, packet drops and splits, while remaining invisible to anattacker.

Invisible Flow Watermarks for Channels with Dependent Substitution, Deletion, and Bursty Insertion Errors