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Clusters of galaxies at high redshift (z>1) are vitally important tounderstand the evolution of the large scale structure of the Universe, theprocesses shaping galaxy populations and the cycle of the cosmic baryons, andto constrain cosmological parameters. After 13 years of operation of theChandra and XMM-Newton satellites, the discovery and characterization ofdistant X-ray clusters is proceeding at a slow pace, due to the low solid anglecovered so far, and the time-expensive observations needed to physicallycharacterize their intracluster medium (ICM). At present, we know that at z>1many massive clusters are fully virialized, their ICM is already enriched withmetals, strong cool cores are already in place, and significant star formationis ongoing in their most massive galaxies, at least at z>1.4. Clearly, theassembly of a large and well characterized sample of high-z X-ray clusters is amajor goal for the future. We argue that the only means to achieve this is asurvey-optimized X-ray mission capable of offering large solid angle, highsensitivity, good spectral coverage, low background and angular resolution asgood as 5 arcsec.

A scientific case for future X-ray Astronomy: Galaxy Clusters at high redshifts