English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

This article is based on the Planckon densely piled vacuum model and theprinciple of cosmology. With the Planck era as initial conditions and includingthe early inflation, we have solved the Einstein-Friedmann equations todescribe the evolution of the universe. The results are: 1) the ratio of thedark energy density to the vacuum quantum fluctuation energy density is$\frac{{{\rho }_{de}}}{{{\rho}_{vac}}}\sim{{(\frac{{{t}_{P}}}{{{T}_{0}}})}^{2}}\sim{{10}^{-122}} $; 2) atthe inflation time ${{t}_{\inf }}={{10}^{-35}}s$, the calculated universeradiation energy density is $\rho ({{t}_{\inf }})\sim{{10}^{-16}}{{\rho}_{vac}}$ and the corresponding temperature is ${{E}_{c}}\sim{{10}^{15}}GeV$consistent with the GUT phase transition temperature; 3) the expanding universewith vacuum as its environment is a non-equilibrium open system constantlyexchanging energy with vacuum; during its expansion, the Planckons in theuniverse lose quantum fluctuation energy and create the cosmic expansionquanta-cosmons, the energy of cosmons is the lost part of the vacuum quantumfluctuation energy and contributes to the universe energy with the calculatedvalue ${{E}_{\cos mos}}={{10}^{22}}{{M}_{\otimes }}{{c}^{2}}$ (where${{M}_{\otimes }}$ is solar mass); 4) the total energy of the universe, namelythe negative gravity energy plus the positive universe energy is zero; 5) thenegative gravity potential and the gravity acceleration related to the creationof cosmons are derived with the nature of outward repulsive force, indicatingthat the cosmon may be the candidate of the dark energy quantum; 6) both theinitial Planck era solution and the infinite asymptotic solution of theEinstein-Friedman equations are unstable: the former tends to expand and thelatter tends to shrink, so that the Einstein-Friedman universe will undergo acyclic evolution of successive expansion and shrinking.

Vacuum quantum fluctuation energy in expanding universe and dark energy