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The cell invasion mechanism of Trypanosoma cruzi has similarities with someintracellular bacterial taxa especially regarding calcium mobilization. Thismechanism is not observed in other trypanosomatids, suggesting that themolecules involved in this type of cell invasion were a product of (1) acquiredby horizontal gene transfer; (2) secondary loss in the other trypanosomatidlineages of the mechanism inherited since the bifurcation Bacteria-Neomura (1.9billion to 900 million years ago) or (3) de novo evolution from non-homologousproteins via convergent evolution. Similar to T. cruzi, several bacterialgenera require increased host cell cytosolic calcium for intracellularinvasion. Among intracellular bacteria, the mechanism of host cell invasion ofgenus Salmonella is the most similar to T. cruzi. The invasion of Salmonellaoccurs by contact with the host's cell surface and is mediated by the type IIIsecretion system (T3SS) that promotes the contact-dependent translocation ofeffector proteins directly into host's cell cytoplasm. Here we provide evidenceof distant sequence similarities and structurally conserved domains between T.cruzi and Salmonella spp T3SS proteins. Exhaustive database searches weredirected to a wide range of intracellular bacteria and trypanosomatids,exploring sequence patterns for comparison of structural similarities andBayesian phylogenies. Based on our data we hypothesize that T. cruzi acquiredgenes for calcium mobilization mediated invasion by ancient horizontal genetransfer from ancestral Salmonella lineages.

Examining marginal sequence similarities between bacterial type III  secretion system and Trypanosoma cruzi surface proteins: Horizontal gene  transfer or convergent evolution?