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In January of 1616, the month before before the Roman Inquisition wouldinfamously condemn the Copernican theory as being "foolish and absurd inphilosophy", Monsignor Francesco Ingoli addressed Galileo Galilei with an essayentitled "Disputation concerning the location and rest of Earth against thesystem of Copernicus". A rendition of this essay into English, along with thefull text of the essay in the original Latin, is provided in this paper. Theessay, upon which the Inquisition condemnation was likely based, listsmathematical, physical, and theological arguments against the Copernicantheory. Ingoli asks Galileo to respond to those mathematical and physicalarguments that are "more weighty", and does not ask him to respond to thetheological arguments at all. The mathematical and physical arguments Ingolipresents are largely the anti-Copernican arguments of the great Danishastronomer Tycho Brahe; one of these (an argument based on measurements of theapparent sizes of stars) was all but unanswerable. Ingoli's emphasis on thescientific arguments of Brahe, and his lack of emphasis on theologicalarguments, raises the question of whether the condemnation of the Copernicantheory was, in contrast to how it is usually viewed, essentially scientific innature, following the ideas of Brahe.

Francesco Ingoli's essay to Galileo: Tycho Brahe and science in the Inquisition's condemnation of the Copernican theory